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EXECUTIVE SUMMARY:
Metropolitan and the Palo Verde Irrigation District (Palo Verde) implemented a two-year
test land fallowing program (Program) from August 1, 1992 through July 31, 1994.
Under the program, 20,215 acres of agricultural farm land in the Palo Verde Valley were
followed. By not irrigating the fallowed fields, approximately 186,000 acre-feet of
Colorado River water was saved. The saved water is being stored by the United States in
Lake Mead for use by Metropolitan prior to the year 2000. Participating lessees (or
landowners if acreage was not leased) were compensated by Metropolitan $620 per
fallowed acre per year and were required to gain the landowners' consent. Based on the
amount of water saved, this equates to a cost of $135 per acre-foot. Results of four
surveys conducted in the Palo Verde Valley during and after the Program showed that the
Program was well received by the farmers and various community representatives, and
that the Program caused a slight reduction in the average regional employment of
approximately 1.3 percent. However, no data were collected nor studies conducted
relating to the economic benefits resulting from participating farmers spending about 61
percent of Program payments in excess of fallowing costs within the local economy. The
successful completion of the Program demonstrated the feasibility of making agricultural
water available to urban users during periods of urban water shortages.
DETAILED REPORT:
After several years of negotiation, Metropolitan and the Palo Verde Irrigation District
(Palo Verde) implemented a two-year test land fallowing program (Program) from
August 1, 1992 through July 31, 1994. Implementation of the Program required entering
into two principle types of agreements: (1) a Program Agreement among Metropolitan,
Palo Verde, Imperial Irrigation District (Imperial), Coachella Valley Water District
(Coachella), and the U.S. Bureau of Reclamation (Reclamation), and (2) Fallowing
Agreements between Metropolitan and individual lessees and landowners (farmers) in the
Palo Verde Valley. Sixty-three Fallowing Agreements were executed between
Metropolitan and participating farmers who fallowed 20,215 acres for two years. In
exchange, Metropolitan compensated the participating farmers $620 per fallowed acre
per year. By not irrigating the fallowed fields, 185,978 acre-feet of Colorado River water
was saved. The Program Agreement provided that Imperial and Coachella agreed to not
use or demand the saved water resulting from the Program, and that the saved water be
stored by the United States in Lake Mead for use by Metropolitan prior to the year
2000.
According to the terms and conditions of the Fallowing Agreements, participating
farmers were allowed to fallow up to 25 percent of their acreage with the same land lying
fallow for the entire two-year period. The 25 percent limit was set to ensure that farmers
continue their farming operations with minimal impacts from the Program and that all
farmers had an equal opportunity to participate in the Program. To qualify to participate
in the Program, the fallowed fields had to have had a history of agricultural production
between August 1, 1987 and Program implementation. Also, the farmers had to affirm
that the fields would have been farmed absent the Program. No irrigation water was to be
applied to the fallowed fields for the entire two-year period. Furthermore, the fallowed
fields were to be maintained free of weeds or volunteer vegetation for the duration of the
two-year Program. This was achieved by plowing the fields or applying herbicides in
compliance with approved Land Management Plans (Plans). Each participating farmer
submitted a Plan prior to the commencement of the Program which was approved by
Metropolitan. The purpose of the Plans was to conserve land and water resources, and to
eliminate or minimize adverse Program impacts on adjacent farms, the community, and
Palo Verde through the control of weeds and wind erosion. In addition, farmers had to
comply with Soil Conservation Service (SCS) regulations for wind erosion control on
highly erodible soils. During both Program years certain farmers had to implement special
additional fallowing operations on 1,251 acres of land (first year) and 414 acres of land (second
year) to comply with the SCS regulations.
Participating farmers were compensated by Metropolitan $620 per fallowed acre per year. A
total of five equal payments of $248 per fallowed acre were made on August 1, 1992, February 1
and August 2, 1993, and February 1 and August 15, 1994. Before any payment was made, all
fields were checked to verify Program compliance. The field checking process, i.e. visual
inspection of the fields, began during enrollment of participating farmers into the Program to
verify that the proposed fields were eligible for participation. All fields were checked at least
once every month for the duration of the Program. In addition to field inspection, Metropolitan
employed remote sensing imagery periodically to monitor Program compliance and provide a
visual record of the fallowed fields. Three satellite images were acquired one each shortly after
the beginning, and middle, and one shortly before the end of the Program in cooperation with
Reclamation. The images were used to verify and document the fallow status of the participating
fields during the two-year period of the Program. A fourth image was taken four months after the
completion of the Program to identify the type and acreage of crops planted on the fallowed fields
after they were returned into production.
Program payments by Metropolitan to participating farmers totaled $25.1 million. In addition,
Metropolitan paid Palo Verde $0.5 million to cover Palo Verde's incremental costs associated
with the Program and to develop and implement a computerized water ordering system. The cost
of technical and professional services employed during the Program totaled $0.8 million while
Metropolitan administrative costs totaled $0.2 million for a total Program cost of $26.6 million.
The unit cost based on payments to participating farmers was $135 per acre-foot, and based on
the total Program cost was $143 per acre-foot.
To facilitate the administration of the Program, a five-member Measurement Committee
(Committee) was established in accordance with the terms and conditions of the Program
Agreement and consisted of one representative from each of the following organizations:
Reclamation, Palo Verde, Imperial, Coachella, and Metropolitan. The Committee reviewed the
status of the Program during the two-year period. Following the completion of the Program, the
Committee determined the actual amount of water saved by the Program to be 4.6 acre-feet per
fallowed acre per year for a total Program water savings of 185,978 acre-feet. The verified
amount of water saved by the Program confirmed the contemplated amount of water savings
stated in the Program Agreement. The saved water is being stored by Reclamation in Lake Mead
for Metropolitan's use prior to the year 2000 in accordance with the terms of the Program
Agreement.
Four surveys of the participating farmers and the Palo Verde community were conducted to
evaluate the economic impacts of the Program on the participating farmers, local businesses
providing farm services and supplies, and the regional economy as a whole. Principal findings
indicated that the Program did not affect the overall regional economic performance in the Palo
Verde Valley to any significant degree. Although the Program did not cause non-farm related
businesses in the region to reduce employment or lose revenue, it contributed to the loss of 27
full-time farm jobs, and 25 full-time and seven part-time jobs in farm-related businesses. The
combined losses were equal to approximately 1.3 percent of the region's average employment for
1991-92. In comparison, gross farm receipts fell from $189 million in 1988 to $79 million in
1991 while the gross value of vegetable production fell from $86 million in 1988 to $11 million
in 1991. This drop in gross crop revenues particularly vegetables prior to the implementation of
the Program had a more significant impact on the region's farm employment. However,
collection and analyses of the economic benefits resulting from participating farmers spending
about 61 percent of Program payments in excess of fallowing costs within the local economy on
farm improvements and operations, debt repayment, and rent during the two-year Program period
was beyond the scope of the surveys conducted. A copy of the Final Program Report is attached.
In summary, the Program was well accepted by the Palo Verde community and was successfully
completed. The contemplated water savings were realized and are being stored in Lake Mead for
Metropolitan's use prior to the year 2000. The Program, a pioneer of its type, demonstrated the
feasibility of making agricultural water available to urban users during periods of urban water
shortages.
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